American Spirits Were Exceptionally High At The End Of The...

American spirits were exceptionally high at the end of the War of 1812 which brought about a defeat of the British once again. In the years that followed the War, a sense of national unity materialized throughout the country as a One Party System grew out of James Monroe’s presidency with the disappearance of the Federalists. The Columbian Centinel proclaimed that this time period after the War of 1812 was an â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†, a phrase applied to Monroe’s presidency ever since. But contradictory to this label, this time period in American history was actually turbulent, for sectionalism propagated and a nationwide panic heightened. Therefore, with emerging sectionalism in subsequent events that followed the War of 1812, the time†¦show more content†¦During his presidency, Monroe supported the American System in which the government supported economic growth and protective measures for domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. Unfortunat ely, not everyone favored the American System. In the South especially, Southerners opposed such a protective tariff for it only supported Northern manufactures, while hurting the Southern economy at the same time. The South, primarily agricultural with a large exporting economy, had to import all of its goods having to pay up to â…“ it’s price in tax in order to comply with the American System. John Randolph, a Southerner, expressed his grievances to Congress hoping to alleviate the struggles of the South by saying, â€Å"no one interest in the country should be sacrificed by the management of taxation to another†¦ the agriculturalists bear the whole front of the war and taxation† (Document A). In saying this Randolph not only questioned Congress s intentions of collecting revenue and favoring the North, but also its job to regulate commerce, not taxes. The American System clearly drove a wedge between Northern and Southern interests. The institution of chartering a Second National Bank also stimulated many controversies. Once again, the Bank, an element of the American System created to strengthen national currency, placed commercial interests of the North over farmers and agriculturalists of the South. In the

4 main threats to Antarctica Free Essays

Tourism: Strange as it may be Antarctica is gradually developing into a popular tourist destination. This is because people who have been around the world and seen places like Niagara falls and Ayers rock and other natural phenomena’s like the idea of going to Antarctica and getting photos of penguins etc. The problem with this is that it upsets the local wildlife and can make disrupt mating season with certain species. We will write a custom essay sample on 4 main threats to Antarctica or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the ecosystems are so delicate that even the slightest human interference might disrupt them. These ecosystems must be protected at all costs and to protect them we cannot have tourists looking at them taking pictures getting involved with these animals who until recently had never seen a human before. Another bad thing about humans is wherever we go we tend to leave a mess and litter could severely damage the environment. Can you imagine a lichen/moss has taken hundreds of years to grow to finally get above the ice and survive only for a human to step on it and kill it? This is something that we cannot risk but tourism has a plus side. For instance it will provide another source of income that could help scientific equerries and if the proposed tourist building is built it will allow the scientists to work and do something different apart from research. It is hoped that this building would help tourism to expand from the present 2500 tourists a year. But how to protect animals from tourists? Is a very good question and a set of rules has been developed so that visitors can get a good experience without disturbing the wildlife too much. There is not much we can do to discourage tourism but we can set a limit to the amount of people allowed on the continent and make sure that they f ollow a set of guidelines so that they do not interfere with the wildlife. Mining: This is another big threat because things like oil and coal and minerals like copper and iron will not last forever. And the problem is that Antarctica has the worlds’ largest coal deposits and possibly huge stores of oil that could be used to extract tens of billions of barrels of oil. It also contains several large deposits of iron ore and even some of gold and silver. This leaves a dilemma because if the resources run out then Antarctica could well be the answer to the problems but; there are many downsides to mining in Antarctica. It would be very, very expensive because all food, water and equipment would have to be imported and then on top of that the minerals would have to be exported but to where, and how? It is a very hard problem to resolve. As well as the problem with transport as hard as that is obtaining the minerals. Most are buried beneath tonnes of ice and it would be extremely dangerous trying to retrieve them. Another point is that the minerals and co al are very low quality and not worth risking lives and money for. The treaty has banned mining for 50 years and even after that time it may not even be considered. But by that time someone may have developed a way of getting the materials cheaply and quickly who can tell? Currently there seems no need for a solution so it is not yet a problem but some time in the future it may be so we have to be prepare. Global warming: this is a big threat because if the ice caps were to melt then sea levels would definitely rise considerably. Also it is not just melting ice caps that are dangerous but moving ice caps. Huge sections of ice are breaking off from the main mass of ice and drifting away on the currents. Could you imagine what would happen if a section of ice with a colony of penguins went floating away to a warmer continent where they could not find food? It is unsatisfactory but at the present time there is nothing we can do to completely halt global warming but reducing will help slow down the melting ice although there is little that can be done. Fishing: There is a danger that krill and other small fish will be over fished and that mean a huge danger for all the animals in the Antarctic. Krill provide food for nearly every sea animal and if they are over fished then the other will starve. This means that the krill must be protected at all costs and made sure that their numbers are not allowed to drop. It takes 20 years for a fish to mature and so over fishing is a great danger. By lowering fishing quotas and the time the boats are allowed to fish in the waters will help to keep up krill numbers and not over fish. Opinions: we interviewed several different people and asked what they thought about the Antarctic and what should be done. Japanese whale hunter: ‘Hunting whales is my livelihood and my family and I would starve if I couldn’t hunt whales. Around the Antarctic there are lots of whales and we should be able to hunt them. I know we may put them in danger but there would be too many jobs lost if we weren’t allowed to do it.’ Australian fisherman: ‘I know that over fishing is a danger but we have to get enough fish to make money. I agree limiting the fish quota would help stop over fishing but they must not lower the fishing quota too much or we won’t be able to make any money.’ Scientist: ‘I am totally against any form of development, mining and even tourism because Antarctica, as the last wilderness on earth, cannot afford to be ruined by human corruption. If we allow too many tourists too come or too many fish to be caught then the whole eco-system that has survived for so long with no human interference will collapse.’ Politician: ‘It is my view that eventually some development on Antarctica should be considered but for now we should look to preserve it. Although it will require an income and many people may not get as much pay as they did this cannot be helped if he purity that is Antarctica is to be kept safe. In my opinion I believe that Antarctica should be kept the way it is although maybe making it into a huge wildlife preserve or a world park seem like very reasonable ideas. Every precaution must be taken to prevent over fishing and the animals life from being disturbed. I leave you with this thought. In a hundred years the world’s population could have doubled and every spare inch of land will be taken up by housing. Would you see a place like Antarctica filled up with houses? It may happen; so I suggest we try to keep it perfect while we still can and try to find out as much as we can before it’s too late. How to cite 4 main threats to Antarctica, Papers

What Is Appreciative Inquiry free essay sample

Chicago Appreciative inquiry is an approach to organizational and community development that has been used successfully worldwide to cultivate hope, build capacity, unleash collective appreciation and imagination, and bring about positive change. It is based on the simple idea that human beings move in the direction of what we ask about. When groups query human problems and conflicts, they often inadvertently magnify the very problems they had hoped to resolve. Conversely, when groups study exalted human values and achievements, like peak experiences, best practices, and worthy accomplishments, these phenomena tend to flourish. AI deliberately asks positive questions around affirmative topics to ignite constructive dialogue and inspired action within organizations and communities. Change research shows that community innovation methods that evoke stories, and affirm and compel groups of people to envision positive images of the future grounded in the best of the past, have the greatest potential to produce deep and sustaining change and inspire collective action. Appreciative Inquiry differs fundamentally from traditional problem-solving approaches. The basic assumption of problem-solving methodologies is that people and organizations are â€Å"broken† and need to be fixed. The process usually involves: (1) identifying the key problems; (2) analyzing the root causes; (3) searching for possible solutions; and (4) developing an action plan. Deficit-based analysis, while powerful in diagnosis, tends to undermine human organizing and motivation, because it creates a sense of threat, separation, defensiveness and deference to expert hierarchies. Problem solving as a means of inspiring and sustaining human systems change is therefore limited. In contrast, the underlying assumption of appreciative inquiry is that people and organizations are full of assets, capabilities, resources, and strengths that can be located, affirmed, leveraged and encouraged. There are a variety of AI models that guide how Appreciative Inquiry is practiced but all of them are based on: 1. Choosing the positive as the focus of inquiry 2. Inquiring into stories of life-giving forces Locating themes that appear in the stories and selecting topics for urther inquiry 4. Creating shared images of a preferred future 5. Finding innovative ways to create that future. Through constructive dialogue, trusted experience is shared, new possibilities imagined and new partnerships created to bring the desired future into being. The classic AI 4-D cycle includes: (1) discovery (valuing); (2) dream (envisioning); (3) design through dialogue; and (4) destiny (co-constructing the future. ) For resources on Appreciative Inquiry, see the AI Commons: appreciativeinquiry. case. edu Strengthening (Our) Questions Every question has a direction. Where it leads depends on its often hidden assumptions. Few questions are neutral; most carry a generative or destructive energy. What questions build a bridge or turn on a light? Which offer a path into shared understanding? What questions invite new ways of seeing and connecting to a community or country’s future as one that citizens have the choice to create working together? Our choice of questions has a moral impact. â€Å"Why can’t you ever do anything right? † presumes and creates an identity of incompetence. â€Å"What crime will ‘you people’ commit next? † enflames violence. Who made such a stupid decision? † looks to assign blame. â€Å"How can we get even? † rallies support for retaliation. â€Å"Why bother to invest in a ‘lost generation’? † reinforces despair about the future. Conversely, questions can inspire, intrigue, delight, clarify, invite and build community. They can create pathways to positive experiences and affections, stimulate reflection on issues of importance, and help people notice what is of value. â€Å"How did you learn to do such a good job? † honors an individual’s skill and generates useful information about creating a path to work for others. How can we support and learn from your community? † assumes there is much to be learned and invites relationship and trust. â€Å"How can we get this done now and how can I help? † infers confidence in an idea and a readiness to act on it, building solidarity and momentum to move forward. A positive connection is reinforced by asking What makes you glad to live in this country? instead of What are the biggest problems here? Shifting ownership of the future to citizens is activated by What can you do to make a difference? Appreciative Inquiry organizes sequences of positive questions around constructive topics. The difference can be seen by citing the example of a conversation I had with a high school class who wished to learn about their community. Four of the teams had originally chosen â€Å"crime† as their area of study before I arrived and designed questions accordingly to ask the local police chief. I asked them why they wanted to investigate crime. They said it was because they felt unsafe. â€Å"What is it that you want? † I inquired. After struggling with the question, they finally responded, â€Å"I guess we want to feel safe. â€Å"How do you think you’re likely to feel after you ask the police chief about crime in your neighborhood? † A girl responded that they would likely feel more scared, because they would find out about more bad things that might happen to them. â€Å"What if you asked him instead about community safety, important practices that support it, what the police are proud of having accomplished, what actions students might take to protect yourselves and make the neighborhood safer? † They acknowledged that such an interview would likely increase their respect for the police and their awareness of security strategies they could use. What do you think would be the effect of writing a letter to the police commander thanking him for the interview and the ways he is helping make the community safer? † They said such a letter would probably remind him of why he wanted to b e a policeman, and establish a relationship with him that they could draw on in the future. â€Å"Plus,† they added â€Å"I bet he never got a letter like that! †

What is wrong with inheritable inequality an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

What is wrong with inheritable inequality? As we all know people have always been unequal. It was determined by numerous factors even many centuries ago, and nowadays the amount of those factors has increased greatly. In the dawn of the humankind history people had little property, so that the social status was determined by other marks, like authority and skillfulness. There were little things that marked the difference in people's social statuses, like better pieces of food, better place near the fire and more attention from the side of the representatives of the opposite sex. Nowadays it's much easier to tell the difference between the representatives of people who possess different social status. They differ a lot in their language, national origin, clothing, gender and interests. Need essay sample on "What is wrong with inheritable inequality?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Very Often Tell Us:I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the timeSpecialists suggest: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic EssayCheap Essays Within Hours Blog Post Writers Top Essay Writing Cheap Essay Writing In the aboriginal societies social status was a matter of personal achievement. The only stable characteristic in those times was gender. Every man could become the Best Hunter, if he tried hard, and every woman could claim the status of the Wisest in case she was clever enough for it. The situation nowadays is much different from the one that existed centuries ago. People are born with the ascribed social status, which depends on the social status of his or her parents. The society has its expectations of the members of all the social classes. In general they are expected to get the education, hold a position and have earnings which are more or less common for the members of his or her class. If he or she fails to perform it, the society labels them lame ducks and under dogs. And, vice versa, if the member of the defined social group performs better than he was expected to perform, people call him a successful person. We can note that the evaluations we give to the social successes or failures of the surrounding people are of great dependence from the social status of the person we evaluate. For example, if we get to know that Mary, the child of the working poor, entered Harvard University, we would be impressed. But if Mary's parents are university professors and lecturers we would take her success for granted. The Egalitarian society, a society where all the social statuses are achieved, gave its members a strong motivation for development and perfection of their skills and talents, which increased the overall level of proficiency in the given society. The members of the Egalitarian society had valid stimulus for the personal and professional development, as they knew that they were able to change their social status completely. Nowadays people have less motivation for trying to achieve perfection in their agency. As we can note, in our times it's much harder to change your social status than it was couple of dozens of centuries before. The society is much more rigid today due to its size and strong social stratification. People, who are in power in our society (Stratified Society), are aware, that the resources on the Earth are scarce, so that the other people's access to the goods and services should be limited. They control the distribution of the goods among the members of the society, ensuring that there always remain resources for the ruling top. The institute of crown is the bright example of the inheritable inequality. When people elect a leader for themselves, they are aware that he or she is the same human being as they are. As the fulfillment of the duties of the leader requires time and effort, he or she cannot perform the usual job needed for survival, so that others satisfy the leader with everything needed. Time passes, and the surroundings understand the importance of the role of the leader. They feel their life has become much easier with the appearance of the organizer of their activities. Then they begin to associate the personality of the leader with the functions he performs. At this stage leader seems to be much cleverer and better from the "usual people". The leaders descendants are often thought to inherit this personal oneness. As the ruling elite in the stratified society does it's best to keep its positions and transmit them to their children, people in those societies are evaluated not on the basis of their usefulness to the whole society, but according to the specialized use the representatives of the ruling elite can make of the specific person. Thus valuable specialists whose labor isn't demanded by the ruling class are often unable of getting a job, they don't have the rights and privileges that those who are of more use to the reach and powerful have. Gender is also one of the factors of inheritable inequality. O course women are incapable of performing some hard physical labor, and man cannot perform some of the females work, but, in general, this is a sphere where numerous unwarrantable stereotypes exist. It often happens that a women who's a great specialist, educated person with great work experience, applies for a job, and her application is either rejected in favor of a male applicant, or she is proposed a salary much lower than her male colleagues have. This leads to the psychological problems for the given women and the irrational use of human resources for the country in general. From the dawn of the humankind history people were unequal. It's normal, as some people are stronger, cleverer and nicer than the others, and if they work a lot to get a higher social status it's their right. But the change in social status should be reached by the person itself. The tradition of inheriting high social positions, especially those dealing with power and control is dangerous, as power can fall into the hands of a rude, hostile or even silly person. Social statuses should be distributed according to the personal achievements of the given person. Reference Van Der Elst, Dirk. The Shaft, and How you Got It. Culture As Given, Culture As Choice. Waveland Press, 2003

Help for Humanities, Liberal Arts Students Custom MLA Format Example

Help for Humanities, Liberal Arts Students Custom MLA Format Example MLA refers to a set of rules and formatting guidelines that are used by researchers within the humanities and liberal arts. These standards are described in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (8th edition), which is a 300-page manual, detailing every aspect of MLA paper writing. MLA ESSAY EXAMPLE Update: There was a recent update to the MLA handbook, issued in spring 2016. While basic requirements remain the same, there are numerous minor updates to the essay writing process. Take a look at the list of recent updates. You can also download an MLA format template. It allows you to skip the formatting part and insert your information to a pre-formatted file. MLA Format: Paper Use standard white 8.5Ãâ€"11 inches paper. MLA Format: Title Page Unless this is a specific requirement set by your instructor, a title page is not needed. An example of MLA essay cover page is below: MLA Format: Font Use legible 12 pt. font. While MLA has no specific requirements regarding fonts, we recommend using Times New Roman if unsure. Georgia, Courier New Arial are good alternatives as well. MLA Format: Formatting Use 1†³ margins on all sides Use 1/2†³ margins from top to your name Put your title in the center, do not italicize it If your quotation is longer than four lines, indent that paragraph 1†³. Do not use quotation marks! MLA Format: Numbering Use Arabic numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc.) and number your pages consecutively. Re-check whether your instructor wants to see the number on the first page. Page numbers are placed in the upper right-hand corner of your paper. MLA Format: Spacing Use double-spacing throughout your paper Put one space after punctuation marks (commas, full stops, etc.). MLA Format: Indentation Indent all paragraphs 1/2†³. MLA recommends that you hit TAB once, as opposed to pressing the spacebar five times. MLA Format: Heading Headers should be capitalized – the same way as you would capitalize words in titles. Center your headings and do not italicize, bold or underline them. MLA Format: Citation MLA is known as the â€Å"author page† style. It means that whenever making an MLA style reference, always indicate the author’s last name and a page you took the quote from. In-text citation in its most basic form defaults to this: (Name, 1). MLA Format: Citation examples The values are a representation of maximum loads, which can be exerted on the material without causing deformation (Ashby 23). The climate is changing, but the biologists do not agree that it will threaten animals and plants with extinction (Stampf Traufetter 132). MLA Format: References The references page should be at the end of your paper It should start with a new page, have a centered â€Å"† title Double-space all citations Create a hanging indent, to do so, indent second and subsequent lines of quotations by 0.5 inches. Proofreading referencing is a time-consuming assignment that can be outsourced to a professional writing service, like . We have completed hundreds of academic papers and know what it takes to write an excellent project. If you need assistance with your academic writing, feel free to contact our friendly support team. We will gladly answer all your questions in a matter of minutes. Or place an order on the website directly, and our professionals will start writing an excellent paper for you right away.

Axeman of New Orleans

What brought the city to their attention was the first crime made on May 23, 1918 when an Italian grocer, Joseph Maggio and his wife were butchered in their apartment during the night above the Maggio grocery store (Taylor). In the crime scene was the weapon, an axe, which seemed to have had been covered in blood. As police dug into the case, several suspects were questioned, but investigators seemed to be lacking evidence and the only clear clue seemed to be a message written in chalk near the home reading; â€Å"Mrs. Joseph Maggio will sit up tonight. Just write Mrs. Toney† (Taylor). Looking back into files, what seemed to appear was a case similar to the Maggio’s. Standing out was the use of an axe to chisel out an access way into the victim’s homes. More importantly in 1911 there were three other murders targeted towards Italian grocers (â€Å"Axeman†). There had to have been some kind of pattern forming. One month after the Maggio crimes came another scene of Louis Bossumer and Annie Harriet Lowe. Annie, discovered by neighbors lying in her own blood, claimed that her common law husband Mr. Bossumer attacked her. He lived behind his grocery store, but notice he was not Italian and survived, with a fractured skull (Smith). Popping out in the scene was again the access of the killer. In the house of Mr. Bossumer nothing was stolen, but the kitchen door was chiseled and lying on steps. After hospital treatment they were both released and with no charges pressed against them. Knowing that the â€Å"boogeyman† was still out there, New Orleans was preparing for another unplanned attack, and sure enough it took place a couple months later in August. Attacked, but not killed, was Mrs. Edward Schneider: she was found unconscious, with many gashes, and a few teeth missing from a fall of the axe. Seeing a small phantom-like form standing over her bed, she had awakened. No evidence was gathered, as with the murder of Joseph Romano who was an Italian grocer and was attacked just like others (â€Å"Axeman†). Police were never able to pick up any evidence of the identity of the Axeman. Now chaos was pouring through the city as families went into search groups and protected their families with shotguns. The month of August continued with exciting events, as the killer was spotted on August 11 attacking people in the streets, as rumors said (Taylor). Manhunts were created but nothing helped and even on August 21 a suspicious man was found leaping a fence but once again nothing was concluded. On August 11, a man named Al Durand found an axe and an attempt to chisel through his rear door, but apparently the door seemed to be too thick to cut through. Three more pieces of evidence appeared in three different ways. The rear door of Paul Lobella’s grocery and house was chiseled through while no one was home and with in the same day grocer Joseph Le Bouef reported an attempt to chisel through his rear door in the night. The last of the three pieces of evidence followed the next day when A. Recknagle, a grocer, found chisel marks on his back door also. Leaving the month of August and moving towards September 15 and past the disappearance of the Axemen for a while, were noticed more attempts of cutting through the door of Paul Durel’s house (Smith). Notice how these attempts all happened to grocers. Leaving the police questioning, the Axeman left the city for a while and no further crimes were reported until the year 1919. The day came in 1919 when the killer’s worst crime occurred. On March 10, across the river from New Orleans, Mrs. Charles Cortimiglia, a grocer’s wife, repeatedly denied the gruesome attack of her husband by a large man in dark clothing with an axe. The husband died and fell to the floor, and the wife was next on the list with her baby. While she asked and begged for mercy, the Axeman came down with the deadly weapon and killing the infant and leaving the mother with a fractured skull (Taylor). Notice the man who died was a grocer, maybe not Italian but the fact still connects with the other murders. Giving up, the police began thinking the impossible and saying that the Axeman really was not a man, but possibly a midget, with a better chance of falling through the cuttings of the doors. The police had to keep in mind what the victims saw, a â€Å"large man in a black suit. † Grasping for hope, the New Orleans Times-Picayune newspaper received an unexpected letter from the unknown Axeman, which was a huge piece of evidence. Summing up what the letter read, the Axeman declared he was invisible and no one would ever catch him. He alone knew who the victims were and he would leave no evidence except his bloody axe that would send people below to keep him company. He declared the police were stupid, but then again stated they were wise and knew how to keep him away from all harm. He said he is the worst murderer ever, but he could be much worse. Then what surprises them all is he blatantly says at 12:15 on next Tuesday night, he is going to pass over New Orleans and in his infinite mercy he is going to make a little proposition to the people, and here it is: â€Å"I am very fond of jazz music and I swear by all devils in the nether regions that every person shall be spared in whose home a jazz band is in full swing at the time I have just mentioned. If everyone has a jazz band going, well, then, so much the better for you people. People who do not jazz it up on Tuesday night will get the axe. † He leaves the letter signed as The Axeman (Wright). The people of New Orleans tried their best to follow what was asked but could not manage to arrive at peace with the Axeman. The people jammed with revelers, friends and family gathered to sing, and they did their best to â€Å"jazz it up,† which was suggested. The axe attack of Sarah Laumann made the people return home into safe hiding. What was different about this crime scene and what separated it out from others, was the fact of how the killer got in. He did not do his normal routine; instead he attempted to go through the window (Taylor). Riot in the city was now beginning to occur because Sarah was not a grocer or an Italian, leaving the gates open for everyone to be attacked, throwing the police off kilter. However, the next crime put them back on track. Another survivor, Steve Boca, trembled to walk with axe wounds. He managed to make it to his friend’s house who called for help, and did his best to help treat the wounds. Police found the normal signs of the Axeman, the chiseled door and bloody axe on the floor. Nearly a year later on September 2, a local man fired his gun at an attacker who broke into his house, but of course he escaped. Making his last impression on everybody, The Axeman had one more victim on his list to keep him company. Mike Pepitone was butchered as a grocer, in his bed at night. The room next to his, holding his six children and wife, was not touched. Noticing the relationship between the first and last murder, both were butchered and grocers. His coming and going was done and New Orleans, still frightened, in their shoes slowly started to calm down. Even though the police still have this case labeled as unsolved, the reason may as well be because that generation has all passed and they are now dealing with today’s issues and keeping everyone else safe. Just because the police have not come to a conclusion does not mean other people do not have one. A possible conclusion came to mind, that the guilty party is Joseph Mumfre. Though he is not referenced in the evidence, Esther Albano, who was the widow of the Axeman’s latest victim, later killed him. As the investigation was being made, certain things about Mumfre stood out, to making him the possible murder Mumfre was once the leader in a jazz band, which was one of the Axeman’s suggestions to keep him away. Another aspect of the band was they seemed to have preyed on the Italians, and half of the Axeman’s murders were Italian (Taylor). This unsolved case soon became old news and people moved on and unpleasantly found peace with the Axeman, who disappeared to the coast.

Management skillsDiversity within in the Workplace Article - 1

Management skillsDiversity within in the Workplace - Article Example This reflects AusBank’s external and internal customer base and there place as banking firm in the country. In order to create diversity at work place, it is vital to establish a diversity council which in turn will foster great initiative that aims in developing women and creating more opportunities for them. It has been witnessed having balanced leadership with women in leadership position leads to a diverse team of leaders at work. Although AusBank has been identified as the only institution promoting diversity at work place, its hierarchy is shaky in that it negatively influences employees who are not white especially male employees. More so, in order to promote diversity, it significant that an organization treat all its members based on the skills, abilities and experience but not gender, race or religion as they derail success in the organization due to conflicts. In addition, presence of personal skills and abilities such as self awareness, interpersonal an group skills are important towards promoting diversity since there is mutual understanding of tasks through effective communication. In addition, workers are intrinsically and extrinsically motivated to

Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving Essay

Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving specific example to illustrate theory. Include the effects of substrate concentration, pH cha - Essay Example Enzymes have active sites which interact with the substrate. The structure of the active site is unique for that respective substrate. Just as a uniquely shaped key will only fit in to and open a matching lock, so it is with enzymes and their substrates. The wrong key may fit in to the lock, but nothing can happen because the match of shapes is not correct. This fit is so specific that the change in a single hydrogen atom in a molecule makes it lose its specificity to a particular enzyme. This means that it may not bind to the specific site and even if it does, the enzyme will be unable to do anything chemically to it. The substrate always fits into the enzymes active site and the active site is always a fold or groove in the enzyme. Enzymes are always larger than the substrate and they are flexible so that they can move and fold around the substrate (Refer to Figure.1). This is facilitated by the weak bonds that hold the enzyme in its functional shape. The union between an enzyme an d its substrate is called the enzyme -substrate complex. When a substrate is bound to the active site, particular chemical bonds of the substrate are weakened and the substrate bends. This lowers the activation energy to the point where the heat in the environment is sufficient to supply the activation energy to initiate the reaction (Chapter 7, Metabolism and Biochemistry). If the amount of the enzyme is kept constant and the substrate concentration is then gradually increased, the reaction velocity will increase until it reaches a maximum. After this point, increases in substrate concentration will not increase the velocity. This means that when this maximum velocity had been reached, all of the available enzyme has been converted to the enzyme-substrate complex (Refer to Figure.3). Michaelis developed a set of mathematical expressions to

Improve the World Essay Example for Free

Improve the World Essay We all want to make the world a better place, but few of us go beyond this abstract idea to planning for change. Like any goal, it takes thought and determination. You may wonder if you can change the world like the great leaders in history. Remember that these people started out with dreams, just like you, and worked through insecurities, fear and doubt. Although we do live in a world of reformations as economies develop, trade flourishes and as astounding technological advances are made but our world is still far from being perfect. No matter how many advances are made in technologies the world will still need some enhancements. Some recent researches have founded out that the more time rolls by the more this world is getting polluted. A social crisis of unprecedented proportions that the whole planet of ours faces today is environmental pollution. Technology gave man sufficient control over his surroundings; yet by our apparently increasing control over our environment, we have in fact erred and caused the loss of our control over our environment. Due to the global warming and greenhouse gases the world is day by day turning unsafe. We all are living in an insecure environment. Every year thousands of people are killed due to the wars and disputes. Developments in these aspects can improve the world and the lives of the people living in it. If we think of a way how to improve the world and make it a better place to live there can be thousands of things we can do as individuals. As we know that pollution is one of the reasons. We can think of a way to terminate it. Every year thousands of people especially children are influenced by the diseases spreaded in the dirty atmosphere. If we try to reuse, recycle and dispose litter around us the environment can become much cleaner. As far is the wars are concerned we ourselves are behind all the disarray. Following on the values of unity, faith and discipline the world can be a serene place to live in. The modern men can shed his prejudices and baseless notions and eschew war on the realization that all men are brothers. Unless human nature changes, unless there is a change of heart among the leaders of the world as well as the peoples, it is impossible to eliminate the factors that cause war. As far is the development of a man’s nature is concernced in order to make this world a peaceful place education plays an important role in the development of manhood. When literacy rate develops the world itself becomes a better place to live in. According to the Greek philosopher Heraclitus ‘’change is the essence of life. ’’ The world can be made more perfect if change occurs and this change will only occur if the people living in it stay determined and try to achieve their goals in making the mother Earth a better place to live in.

Metro Manila Film Festival: Taste of Filipino Movies on Christmas Essay

While the children are very busy collecting their gifts from their godparents, actors and film staffs are also busy creating such wondrous movie as their entry to the Metro Manila Film Festival. MMFF as its shortened name, it is the annual celebration of the Filipino talents in the movie industry. Usually held during the Christmas season, it recognizes the role of the film industry in providing artistic depictions of the Philippine stories and history. And as the time passes by, Metro Manila Film Festival has become part of the Filipino’s yearly celebration of Christmas. Before the films are being sent to various cinemas nationwide, giant floats of them will be rounding the Pasay Rotonda first. The floats are made portraying the setting of the actual movie. For instance, if a certain horror movie is set in a haunted house, then its float will be like a house with an eerie design. In general, all the floats are decorative implying the effort of the people behind those artworks. People are truly enjoying the caravan not only because of the enormous and colorful floats they see but also for the chance to glance at their favorite celebrities. In order to have evidence of achieving their dreams, they will surely take pictures of them. The casts, on the other hand, are usually on top, shining their eyes and swaying their hands to welcome the people. Their sweet smiles and heart-warming yells throughout the procession somewhat convince the people to watch their pompous creations. Moreover, they throw some giveaways such as t-shirts and posters which may he lp to attract the people’s attention. All are appreciating every single moment of the event. Normally, the first day of the film viewing is placed on Christmas. Imagine how clever pro... ...ovie itself. As the time goes by, movies become more imaginative signifying the rich and brilliant minds of ‘Pinoys’. They are devoted to their profession, trying to reach perfection. After all, they will gather all the gifts of their hardships. Filipino film industry is very significant among them just as how important the Christmas is. Furthermore, it is as colorful as the Christmas celebration of the Filipino community. Works Cited â€Å"The 39th Metro Manila Film Festival†. Metro Manila Film Festival. MMDA. 2012. 22 Dec. 2013 â€Å"2012 Metro Manila Film Festival†. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 28 Dec. 2013. 28 Dec. 2013 â€Å"2013 Metro Manila Film Festival†. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 29 Dec. 2013. 29 Dec. 2013

International Bus Essay

1. Who are the various stakeholders that Anglo American needs to consider as it adopts an effective HIV/AIDS strategy? The people are said to be the driving forces of a country’s economy. In South Africa, AIDS has greatly impacted the nation’s economy. As evidence, it was stated that from 1992 to 2002, the economy of South Africa lost over $7 billion annually which is approximately 2% of the country’s GDP. This is because of the death of workers with AIDS. As AIDS continue to spread, it will continue to bring down the per capita growth of South Africa by 1 to 2% every year. Being a mining conglomerate, Anglo American operates in 45 nations and has over 107,000 employees. As Anglo American adopts an effective HIV/AIDS strategy, it should considering gathering as stakeholders all nations that are greatly reliant on the goods produced by the African workers. Anglo American must also consider health organizations, South African government, and big companies. It is im perative for the people in power to realize the impact of AIDS to the South African economy. 2. What are the pros and cons of Anglo American’s adoption of an aggressive strategy in combating HIV/AIDS among its South African workforce? What recommendations would you give the company concerning its HIV/AIDS policy? Since Anglo American was greatly hit during the outbreak of AIDS, the company developed comprehensive and dynamic approaches to combat the disease as it has become very ravaging to the workforce and its operations. The program was made up of prevention initiatives with focus on education and awareness. The program also included dissemination of condoms, financial as well as skill-related training to lessen poverty, and a survey system that would monitor the pervasiveness of the disease. Later on, the policies were expanded and included counseling, testing, as well as care and wellness programs. Some of the pros of the program include decrease payment for the patient as the number of people participating in the program increases. Despite the benefits of this aggressive strategy, there were many cons to this including the disapproval from many other interested parties. The program has also been unsuccessful because of refusal of some employees to undergo ART. Some even stopped during the treatment regimen. Other workers did not try submitting to the program because of fear of discrimination while others were in denial of having been contacted with AIDS. A robust approach is essential in this matter. If discrimination is an issue for workers, then as much as possible, the company should adopt a program that will respect the privacy and confidentiality of the patient’s condition. In addition, since some patients are anxious about the cost of the treatment, the company must consider encouraging more stakeholders to support the program and deliver the treatment for free. 3. Because such a large percentage of its workforce consists of migrant workers who are more likely to acquire and spread HIV/AIDS, should Anglo American adopt the policy of not hiring migrant workers? Should the South African government close the doors to migrant workers? Closing the doors to migrant workers would be another case of discrimination. Since the majority of the company’s employees are migrant workers, the company must consider proper screening before hiring. In hiring employees, companies must make sure that the people are in good condition and are ready for work. A physical check-up must be required. Migrant workers should not be stopped from working in Anglo-American provided that they meet the criterion of being HIV/AIDS-free. 4. What role do pharmaceutical companies play in responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa? What policies or courses of action would you recommend to a company that produces HIV/AIDS drugs? Pharmaceutical companies are the ones responsible in manufacturing drugs needed for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. GSK for instance, deliver drugs to South Africa. However, Anglo American is hoping that pharmaceutical companies would reduce their prices to be able to provide more drugs for the people infected with HIV/AIDS. Though pharmaceutical companies wish to  reduce their prices, they are also somehow hesitant in fear of violating the intellectual property rights. Policies or courses of action to consider to a company that produces HIV/AIDS drugs would be to lift up the intellectual property rights of drugs in nations such as South Africa which is in dire need of treatment.

Starbucks Customer Satisfaction

There are numerous factors that paved the way for Starbucks’ success during the early nineties. I believe that one of their strengths was good knowledge of who their potential customers were and how to please them with their profile, assortment and services. One also has to take notice of their clear vision of becoming America’s third place, this tells me that they’ve had an aggressive vision from the start. And of course they’ve matched this with their strategy, from 1992-2002 the company opened about 3500 stores all across America.This gives the company a yearly growth rate of around 350 stores, an impressive number. They also licensed out another 1500 stores. This allowed them to become a household name for the regular American, and the strong brand name was created with all the advantages that comes along with it. They enjoyed plenty of first-mover advantages. All this was financed by boldly taking the company public, despite doubts from most analysts regarding the company concept. And who was the power behind this decision, if not Howard Schulz?Responsible for much of the success, Howard Schulz and his team have proven that their aggressive strategy’s have been key in the success of the company. In other words the management is a big contributor. I’d also like to bring up the human capital of the company, or as the employees are called, the company â€Å"partners†. Since the Starbucks concept of creating an experience for the customer goes hand in hand with partner satisfaction, management have been quite generous to their employees. They’ve for instance provided them with health insurance and stock options.For Starbucks it is key to create long lasting relationships with customers (these customers have proven to be very profitable for the company), demanding good relationships between baristas and customers. Keeping a low employee turnover rate both with baristas and managers has definitely contribut ed to the company’s success. The live coffee mantra meant, in short, that the company wants to create life surrounding the coffee drinking experience. To create a space outside of the office and the own home where people could drink coffee and enjoy themselves, was something very appealing to consumers, a refuge from the routine of their day.They created value around the consumption of coffee. The main brand image that was created was a premium coffee bean and coffee beverage brand but it’s not the total brand image. They also added attributes of the company to this image such as â€Å"customer intimacy†, â€Å"great ambience† and â€Å"highest quality coffee in the world†. These attributes are all derived from the three main components of the branding strategy: coffee, service and atmosphere. Together this was the brand image of Starbucks created during the period. 2.The reasons because the customer satisfaction scores are down could, in my view, be linked to the fact that the typical Starbucks customer has changed because the customer base has expanded. Their perceptions of the brand are different and because the company really doesn’t know who the typical customer is at the moment, they can’t cater to them as well as they could before. There are examples of this change for instance in the case of stores in southern California where they now have huge numbers of (sometimes lower educated) Hispanic customers instead of the affluent, well-educated white collar 24-44 aged white men and women (mostly women).In exhibit 10 we see that on the scale of what attributes the customers find most important in order to be satisfied, that places 3-7 all are based on one staff members performance that single time. What I mean by this is that the performance level of this will vary from customer to customer and because of that you need a bigger base for the survey than the â€Å"customer snapshot†. This means that itâ⠂¬â„¢s not sufficient in correctly measuring the true customer satisfaction.But seeing as this method, supposedly, has been kept constant all the time we can overlook that for a second and see that there has been a decline using the same system of measurement. I then contribute that change to the changing customer, as I wrote in the paragraph above. 3. Starbucks’ main difference between the periods is its size. With the change in size a lot of different attributes naturally follow, some of which are a bit contradictory to the goals Starbucks set out to achieve back in the day.The main concept of creating value for the coffee drinker still exists but they now struggle to keep up their customer intimacy. This is even more enhanced by the perception that Starbucks is simply a money hungry company only interested in revenues and further growth. The product sales also vary between the periods, the coffee connoisseur that bought a lot of coffee beans has been somewhat replaced by t he on-the-go customer who just wants the beverage. We also mentioned before that the customer has changed in North America, but even more important, Starbucks have grown internationally with over 1300 stores in total.Both nationally and internationally service innovations have taken place, examples of this are the SVC’s and the wireless internet service. 4. The frequent and loyal customer is the most profitable for Starbucks. Exhibit 8 shows us in quite a clear way that customers with a history of Starbucks purchases that go back 5 years or more, tend to shop 4 more cups of coffee than the average customer that visited Starbucks for the first time last year. In exhibit 9 we’re also shown the clear correlation between customer satisfaction, purchase size and customer life span.The satisfied customer has more visits/month, spends more money each time and stays as a customer of Starbucks for more years than the unsatisfied. So the highly satisfied customer is vital to the business and is always what management strive to acquire. I strongly think Starbucks have shown this strive in a number of ways to keep customers satisfied. First of all a regular customers likes to recognize the salesperson and if this person recognizes them and remembers their drink this is a quality sign for the company. Starbucks are clearly aware of this since they have a lot of â€Å"soft skills† training for new employees.They teach them how to interact and create a lasting bond with the customer. Something that’s of course also key in keeping up this relationship is a low employee turnover, something I mentioned before that they are excellent in doing. Secondly the customers come for the product, this is an area Starbucks still enjoy a great lead in comparison to competitors and they also add another product every season in order to keep the assortment wide and interesting for customers. And lastly the customers need to enjoy a great ambience while at the stor e and be served quickly.This is something that’s always measured and they try to maintain a great ambience and in regards to the quick service this is something we’re considering in the last question on how to improve. 5. The main goals would be to reduce service time and get closer to the customer by allowing each store to add 20 more hours of labor per week. It is also a way for the company to express their commitment to their customers (lose their image of greed) and show them that despite a loss of short term profit they are willing to sacrifice that in order to keep customer satisfaction high.Would this investment increase customer intimacy, is it even possible for a mega-brand to have customer intimacy? With more time it is obvious that the closeness would improve. A combination of more time for the barista and less waiting time for the customer would result in more time to practice soft skills and build up a rapport with the customer for the barista. The custome r would of course build a relationship with the particular barista and a bond would be created that would make the coming visits feel more intimate.To some extent it is possible, since the intimacy mainly is based on the staff and their rapport with customers as I previously stated. But then again it is a faceless organization, they can’t really see and talk to the leaders and internationally not many customer know of Howard Schulz for instance. It’s also quite easy for the customer to feel less important if they’re just one of 20 million served which is the case here. Would this investment yield long term profits for Starbucks? Would it be worth the $40 million? 0 million unique customers are served every day at Starbucks, 21% of those (4. 2 million) are customers with 8 or more visits every month. A staggering 42 % (8. 4 million) only visit 1-2 times per month. These numbers could be related to those shown in exhibit 9, 21 % of customer show the pattern of hig hly satisfied customers and 42 % show similarity’s to unsatisfied customers. Exhibit 10 tells us that fast service, friendly staff and being treated as a valuable customer are considered highly important factors for customers to be satisfied.All of these factors would most likely be directly affected by the investment in a positive way. If we only turned one unsatisfied customer into a highly satisfied customer this would result in an increased turnover of $247,494 ((7,2*4,42*8,3)-(3,9*3,88*1,1)). We would have to convert roughly 160. 000 customers using this calculation and over a course of 8,3 years the investment would pay off financially. But in regards to spillover effects such as brand reputation and new business generated by this I believe the number would be even smaller, so definitely I would suggest that they do this.

Free Essays on Dominican Republic

I grew up in a loving family consisting of my mother, father and four children. Ever year my parents made it a priority to take us on vacation with many smaller trips to create wonderful family memories. We also used our vacations to loosen up, recharge our batteries and teach us many different lessons. My senior year of High School our family trip was different because it was to a third world country, the Dominican Republic, which would change my perspective on education and life in general. The Dominican Republic I the same as most beautiful tropical islands, warm temperature, crystal blue ocean waters, white sandy beaches, palm trees swaying in the tropical breeze, and a native culture that would prove to be different than any I had ever experienced. The people of the Dominican Republic were very poor yet quite resilient, always having a warm smile as they greeted us. We were amazed at the fact that, on average people of the Dominican Republic earned $175 per month and most jobs were in l level tourism service. As we researched and toured the area that we visited, I found that the key to this poverty stricken existence was the fact that the Dominican Republic government had no regulation on education. A citizen of the Dominican Republic would not be able to attend any schooling unless they wanted to pay for it. Now for people that barely make enough to pay for apartments, cloths, or food, education is not a priority or even a possibility. In my amazement I had t compare my childhood to that of an average child of the Dominican Republic. While I slept in a comfortable bad each night, these children were blessed if they were able to sleep with a sibling on a cot. Each day I had at least three meals and even got treated to restaurant food, while one child while one child bragged to me about having his own fruit tree, which provided three meals per day for his entire family. My observation of this child specifically was the pride h... Free Essays on Dominican Republic Free Essays on Dominican Republic I grew up in a loving family consisting of my mother, father and four children. Ever year my parents made it a priority to take us on vacation with many smaller trips to create wonderful family memories. We also used our vacations to loosen up, recharge our batteries and teach us many different lessons. My senior year of High School our family trip was different because it was to a third world country, the Dominican Republic, which would change my perspective on education and life in general. The Dominican Republic I the same as most beautiful tropical islands, warm temperature, crystal blue ocean waters, white sandy beaches, palm trees swaying in the tropical breeze, and a native culture that would prove to be different than any I had ever experienced. The people of the Dominican Republic were very poor yet quite resilient, always having a warm smile as they greeted us. We were amazed at the fact that, on average people of the Dominican Republic earned $175 per month and most jobs were in l level tourism service. As we researched and toured the area that we visited, I found that the key to this poverty stricken existence was the fact that the Dominican Republic government had no regulation on education. A citizen of the Dominican Republic would not be able to attend any schooling unless they wanted to pay for it. Now for people that barely make enough to pay for apartments, cloths, or food, education is not a priority or even a possibility. In my amazement I had t compare my childhood to that of an average child of the Dominican Republic. While I slept in a comfortable bad each night, these children were blessed if they were able to sleep with a sibling on a cot. Each day I had at least three meals and even got treated to restaurant food, while one child while one child bragged to me about having his own fruit tree, which provided three meals per day for his entire family. My observation of this child specifically was the pride h...

Internationalization Strategies Questions Essay

Internationalization Strategies Questions - Essay Example The reasons why a business may seek to pursue an internationalization strategy as part of its growth and expansion plans are strongly contextual. In particular, they will reflect the economic and political features of the country or region of the investing firm, and of the country or region in which the company seeks to invest. Other factors at that will determine this decision include: the industry and the nature of the value added activity in which the firm is engaged and the characteristics of the individual investing firm, including its objectives and strategies in pursuing these objectives. Dunning (2000) identified four major types of internationalization activities: (1) market seeking or demand oriented activities that are geared towards satisfying a particular foreign market, or set of foreign markets; (2) resource seeking or supply oriented activity that targets gaining access to natural resources; (3) efficiency seeking activity which is designed to promote a more efficient division of labour; and (4) strategic asset seeking, which aims to protect or augment the existing specific advantages of the internationalising firm and/or to reduce the advantages of its competitors. These activities also mirror the advantages that organisations gain by pursuing internationalisation strategy such as greater market share, brand awareness and revenue, accessing more resources or technology for competitive advantage, efficiency and economies of scale which lowers cost of production, spreading of business risk and creation of entry barriers to one’s industry. Factor conditions refer to the inputs that are necessary for a firm to compete such as capital, infrastructure, land and labour. According to Porter (1990) the stock of factors in a country at any given time is less important than the extent to which they are upgraded and deployed. In reference to Dunning's resource seeking internationalisation objective, a company may therefore be attracted to a part icular country where its key resources are generally rapidly upgraded for example the strong government support experienced in China’s manufacturing industry. Home demand conditions refer to the level of demand of a particular product locally in comparison to its level of demand abroad. It is largely influenced by size, number of independent buyers, sophistication of local buyers, rate of demand growth, early demand and early saturation. A more demanding local market leads to national advantage and a strong, trend-setting local market helps local firms anticipate global trends. Early saturation of the local market also motivates firms to continue innovation and to reduce cost and/or pricing of products for example Japan’s TV industry saturated early and forced home players to seek new markets in Europe and North America. Finally, the home firms will be forced to enter foreign markets, Dunning’s market seeking international activity, in the search for more busine ss and sustainable growth. Porter’s third determinant, related and supporting industries reflects the importance of the link between businesses within a value chain. Related industries refers to those industries that share certain elements of their business for example the US has a vibrant information systems industry that

Financial Markets and Institutions, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Financial Markets and Institutions, - Essay Example The function of the US financial market is to insert the household savings into the circular flow in the form of investment, so as to enhance the income level of the country (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2012). Apple Inc. was instituted in the year 1977 and is headquartered in California, United States of America. Apple Inc. is a constituent of the S&P 500 Index and it trades under the symbol AAPL. The earnings per share of Apple for the year 2012 were $44.64, while it was only $28.05 in 2011. This increase in EPS was due to the 61% rise in the net income of Apple in the year 2012 as compared to that of 2011. The graph below illustrates the evaluation of the five year total shareholder return of Apple as against the S&P 500 Composite Index, the Dow Jones U.S. Technology Index and the S&P Computer Hardware Index (Apple Inc, 2012). In the figure, it has been assumed that in September 2007, $100 was invested in each of the index including Apple (Apple Inc, 2012). It can be observed from the graph that the total shareholder returns of Apple Inc. had been consistently higher that of the other Indexes considered. Vodafone is a global telecommunication company, operating in above 30 nations across the world and with more than 404 million customers (Vodafone, 2012). It has been extremely cash generative during the historical period and has incessantly returned its market capitalization to its shareholders through dividend payments and share buybacks. The following figure represents the share price movements of Vodafone from April 2011 to May 2012, against that of the FTSE: It can be observed that Vodafone had performed relatively better than the FTSE stock in terms of share price movements. Additionally, the company had been continuously giving out dividends to its shareholders since the last four years. France Telecom-Orange is one of the major telecommunication companies in the

Problems with tracking Terrorist financing Research Paper

Problems with tracking Terrorist financing - Research Paper Example Therefore, when terrorists chose to go back to traditional methods of carrying out their financial transactions, like using cash instead of electronic cards or so, it becomes difficult for the authorities to track such activities. Moreover, terrorists have adopted new techniques of helping them carry out their activities without getting suspected. This paper will broadly look into the findings brought forward in a research done by Torrey Carpenter about the difficulties that national government authorities encounter while trying to identify the financiers of terrorists. He will also suggest a possible solution to the identified problem, present various critics that relate to the problem as well as provide a discussion on the implications that the problem pose. There exist many definitions of terrorism depending on an individual’s point of view. According to one theory, it can be considered to be the illegal use of power or aggression against people or properties with intentions of threatening or pressurizing a government or its society to extend particular political or social goals. According to various law enforcements, Torrey discovers they acknowledge that acts of terrorism can either be domestic or international. Under domestic terrorism, the action is based and carried out within a country and is executed by the country’s own citizens without any outer or foreign enforcers. On the other hand, international terrorism, which is usually linked to foreign groups or governments, involve invasion by the foreign terrorists into a target country. Terrorism has no boundaries and, therefore, any nation around the world is vulnerable to it. He acknowledges that the act, whether carried out internationally or locally, requires a lo t of funding, and up to now, the mystery about who funds the terrorists have not been solved. Since it is an act that involves a lot of damages, be it direct or collateral,

Gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gallery - Essay Example It is made up of over 5000 pieces of this screen-printed paper which has been folded and stuck on to a hidden foundation made of foam and cardboard. The installation art changes form depending on the space where it is being exhibited at the time. The idea began when Dupuis-Bourret wanted to start ‘a river of paper in her basement’ (Vocat). The repetitive lines on the printed paper create a rich texture in place of the usual picturesque images one may be used to seeing at an art gallery. This is one of the things that make this piece of work ‘difficult’ to appreciate (Diepeveen & Van Laar). The traditional notions of beauty cannot be adhered to while appreciating this installation artwork. There is no use of color in the usual sense; it is entirely in black and white. The textures and patterns are repetitive and not very artistic in the usual sense. However, it is because of this unusual quality that this piece of art makes for a thought-provoking one. The vi ewer begins to wonder what it is about this artwork that makes it so compelling despite the lack of traditional beauty in it. To begin with, the lack of color and the tonality of the texture give it a rather haunting quality. The wide expanse of black and white with varying densities of etching on them allows the viewer to project their own opinions and thoughts on the artwork rather than it dictating too strictly what it ‘means.’ The black and white expanse could mean different things to different people and this element of ambiguity and room for interpretation is one of the things that make such a piece appealing. But by itself, the artwork is not entirely silent either. The pointed edges and the material used recall the ‘paper fortune-teller’ that children use to play and tell fortunes for each other. This gives the piece a toy-like quality. This playful element is also reflected in how repetitive the structure is; something that rhymes and songs for chi ldren often are. The piece also has mathematical significance. The idea of the fractal, where basically a super-structure is made up of identical smaller structures and at every point of a structure, one finds the same pattern replicated. This is something that is sometimes reflected in nature as well where particular arrangements of petals in flowers or rings on a snail’s shell and so on are often found to be uncannily replicated. Other than the various connotations that the piece itself evokes, the title of the artwork meaning a debacle or disaster is also interesting. Is it that the artist wants to call this work itself a disastrous one? This would mean the apparent lack of order or beauty in the artwork and its almost awkward haphazardness would assume a greater significance, as this would be what the artist would emphasize as being what a failure looks like. Or could it be that the image that the artwork attempts to recall or recreate is the disaster? The wide expanse of paper visually looks like a flood or ice melting and this could be what the artist point at as being ‘the debacle.’ Whatever the meaning or response the title may evoke, it is evident that the choice of naming a piece of art is of crucial significance. It can emphasize a certain aspect of artwork or even bring up a new dimension to it. Apart from the provocative, childlike, mathematical and other connotations that this piece seeks to evoke and its creative naming, the artwork is also made ‘

What Problems Are Facing Alexandra Near Johannesburg Environmental Sciences Essay

What Problems Are Facing Alexandra Near Johannesburg Environmental Sciences Essay The name Alexandra was the name of a farmers wife who in 1905 transformed his dairy farm into a township and named it after his wife. Over the last century Alexandra has been refuge to many poor immigrants looking for better standards of living, waging their lives in the city of Johannesburg, also known as the place of gold. According to Alexandra Renewal Project(2006), Alexandra has grown to a population of approximately 350 000 people, squeezed into an area of about 800 hectare and still showing no sign of decrease. This pattern of urban migration is painted across the history of Alexandra and was influenced by many political events, one of which is the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, when extensive labour was needed for widespread expanding of the industrial and commercial sectors, empowering the force of urban migration. Alexandra even endured through the struggles of apartheid to become home to a diverse population of urban poor settlers. Alexandra Renewal Project(2006 ) states that Alexandra had until recent developments, a huge amount of informal dwellings where estimates ranged from 34 000 upwards. Consequently the township of Alexandra has a proud but tragic history, which ushered it into the new century in desperate need of regeneration. This paper exemplifies the slum characteristics of Alexandra, a rural area located on the ridge of Santon a rich suburb. Alexandra also is in close proximity to the major economic hub of Gauteng, the city of Johannesburg. This article focuses on the analysis of the situation currently found in Alexandra, which was undertaken through a in depth field study. In addition, this paper addresses the social and economic benefits that the work of civil engineers can present to Alexandra to elevate it from slum status. This will be done by defining the concept of a slum and moreover examining the situation in Alexandra.(Alexandra renewal project,2006 ; Morris,2000 ; Bonner Nieftagodien,2008). The term slum identifies with a range of low income settlements and poor standards of living. Furthermore, according to UN-HABIT (2007) a slum could be defined as a heavily populated urban area characterised by low standard housing and squalor. This apparent ill nature of slums leave many asking why do slums exist? According to UN-HABIT (2007) slums exist because of a number of forces. Some of these consist of rapid rural-to-urban migration, increasing urban poverty, inequality and globalisation. Applying these concepts to S.A its easy to see why Alexandra fell into the abyss that is slum status. With the advent of a new democratic government in 1994, people in search of newly promised jobs have flocked into the major hubs of S.A., which dramatically increased the rate of unskilled labour migrating to major cities, thus demonstrating rapid rural to urban migration. Furthermore UN-HABIT (2007) explains that the boom and busts of the economy such as that of S.A. churn up inequality and distribute new wealth unevenly , which consequently contribute to the enormous growth of slums such as Alexandra. (Bonner Nieftagodien,2008 ; UN-HABIT,2007) The United Nations Human Settlements Programme(2006) specifies a slum to be an area or suburb to be deprived of access to safe water; unsecure residential status, inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure; poor structural quality of housing and overcrowding. That is, if anyone of these defining characteristics are found in an area, that area is to be classified as a slum. Alexandra status in relation to these characteristics will be discussed below. Water and sanitation are key factors in the elevation of Alexandra from slum status. The ever increasing population growth within Alexandra, has overloaded the infrastructure to a point where water pressures are too low and sewers frequently over flow. In the areas with the highest density of informal settlements within Alexandra, water is collected by navigating dangerous paths between closely spaced shacks and collecting it from overloaded taps. These water taps do not have adequate drainage, consequently water is left to flow between shacks. Moreover, pools of stagnant water form. According to United Nations Environment Programme(2000) these stagnant water pools are ideal breeding habitats for disease vectors such as mosquitoes. Because of this apparent lack of drainage systems below the informal settlements of Alexandra, people tend to disperse of waste water into these waterways that flow between the shacks, causing ill smelling odours to settle and give way for water borne dise ases such as dysentery, cholera, typhoid and parasitic worms to thrive.( United Nations Environment Programme,2000 ) Sanitation services play important role in healthy environment especially in areas like Alexandra which are defined as slums. According to Barnes et al,(1999,p13) census data, 81% of the households in Alexandra have access to aflush or chemical toilet, 1% of households use pit latrines and approximately 15% use the ÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½bucket latrineÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ system. The informal homes of Alexandra are not connected to the formal waterborne sewerage system, thus chemical portable toilets service residents. These portable toilets are usually located next to streets on the outskirts of the informal settlements or shacks. These toilets are located in this way because there are no access roads nor space between the informal housing for municipal services to collect sewerage waste from these toilets. As a result residents have to navigate dangerous pathways to get to these sanitation services. Mirriam a person who currently lives (guide) explains that as these passages become dangerous to navigate at night, thus people tend to desiccate into bags and discard them into these narrow passageways, which attributes to countless diseases and the appalling stench in the area. The lack of access also inhibits waste collection services to collect waste between the shacks, resulting in poor waste removal services in the area. Because of this, the overall area is contaminated by waste lying around, furthermore the lack of waste collection attracts disease infested vermin and animals, worsening health conditions within the slum The congestion and overcrowding in Alexandra act as a catalysts to all problems found in the area. Overloading in informal settlements, hostels and along the banks of the Jukskei river make living conditions stressful, unhealthy and dangerous. The unplanned nature and the overpopulated ground usage, has forced some settlers to build informal housing below the flood line of the Jukskei River and in some instances on unsafe slopes. According to United Nations Environment Programme(2000) during January 2000, unusually heavy rains precipitated and 120 informal households were washed away. In addition to over usage, structures have been built over previously installed sewer lines and manholes that make access for maintenance a tedious endeavour. Moreover, the overall high density of the informal settlements cause amplify the spreading of disorder like fires and diseases. Recent news reports that a devastating fire on 2 May 2011, killed three people and left 5000 people destitute living in Masiphumelele township, civil organisation in the informal settlement accuse the high density of settlement and lack of access roads to be responsible for the sheer scale of devastation within the township. (Alexandra renewal project,2006 ; Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement,2001 ; Eye Witness News,2011) The Childrens charter of S.A. , according to New Africa Education(2004) states that all children have a right to a safe environment and the right to recreational facilities so that children can be children. Alexandra is home to thousands of families, the Alexandra Renewal project (2006b) observes that over 120 000 children ranging from ages 2-18 years live in Alexandra. The slum conditions in Alexandra hinder children to develop into skilled professionals. That is, the over utilisation of the space available causes children to have nowhere to play and consequently compel them turn to dangerous streets to occupy themselves. For some of the children who live on the opposing side of the Jukskei river, going to school comprises of having to wade through the Jukskei r river as bridges crossing the river are too far away. Some of the valiant students cross the river by walking across a pipeline that spans the river, this perceptibly is a dangerous feat and place children in unnecessary dan ger. Alexandra has access to electricity, but many illegal connections exist, these electrical connections pose another threat to children as substations are insecure and present a considerable danger to children with easy access available. These connections also give way to many fire hazardous in Alexandra. All aspects mentioned clearly classify Alexandra as a slum in accordance to the defining characteristics specified earlier. It was seen that Alex illustrates lack of access to water and sanitation, consists of non durable housing built on dangerous areas where insecure tenure is definite and that overpopulation gives way to insufficient living areas and dangers to children. Furthermore this in depth look at the situation in Alexandra emphasizes the dire need of a new age of renewal, hope and upliftment in this area. When reviewing the purpose of this paper it dictates that some form of solution to the uplift Alexandra from slum status imposed by the civil engineering will be addressed. Consequently these aspects will be argued below. Investments in civil engineering projects can substantially increase living standards within Alexandra. The Alexandra Renewal Project(ARP) is one of eight projects that form part of S.A. Integrated Sustainable Rural Development and Urban Renewal Programme, enforced by President Mbeki in 2001. This programme is an approach to address urbanisation and housing challenges in S.A. According to Alexandra Renewal project (2001) the budget in 2001 for the ARP was estimated to be R1.7 billion over seven years. The Alexandra Renewal Project includes extensive use of civil engineering skills to promote the Alexandra from slum status. Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement (2001) points out that improvements in sanitation and water services can be identified as imperative to the elevation of Alexandra. This could be achieved by firstly overcoming the general overloading of the sewerage system. By investigation it was found that civil engineers can construct new interceptor sewers which will connect to a new outgoing sewer carrying sewerage off to the bulk sewerage system. According to Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement (2001) if such a system would be in place, it could provide adequate services to slum dwellers. The location and alignment of these new sewers is vital because for such a system to run adequately, there has to be access to manholes and pipes to provide maintenance services. Consequently this would mean improving the alignment of informal houses. Moreover, the construction of ablution blocks on the side of streets, instead of the portable chemical toilets, would therefore mean the elimina tion of poor level of service and high maintenance costs of chemical portable toilets. The ARP included the upgrading of the outfall sewers in Alexandra between 2001 and 2004. The rehabilitation of water systems is closely linked to the treatment of the sewerage system, as it would be easier to install improved water lines in junction with sewerage. The civil engineers attended to the low water pressures by upgrading water mains and by the construction of a new water reservoir, this formed part of the ARP. (Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement,2001 ; Alexandra Renewal project,2010 ) The improvement of building infrastructure can transform Alexandra into a thriving urban area. Civil engineers can contribute by installing building infrastructure in a planned way, this includes the realignment of properties into small narrow stands. Which therefore results in the decrease in high densities of land usage and improves accessibility into Alexandra. Improved accessibility promotes better living conditions, as waste services are able to move between housing. Building infrastructure in the ARP included the construction of many buildings which act to improve social and economic status of the people living in Alexandra. These buildings includes construction and improvement of police stations, people centres, 1400 housing units, 350 social housing units, Alexandra transit village and Marlboro transit village upgrade. These building improvements give owners a secure tenure which in turn spur them to maintain and invest in these building. The installation of this infrastructu re give place to economic behaviour to form and to forester a spirit of entrepreneurship within Alexandra, as small business and educational services arise. The ARP included centres which is called clusters where slum dwellers are able to attain marketable skills such as care worker skills, tourism skills and construction skills.( Alexandra Renewal project,2010 ) Social end economical benefits do not only come in the form of new buildings but also includes the improvement of road and overall infrastructure. This includes the construction of recreational parks and sport fields, upgrading of roads, widening of London bridge, construction of a pedestrian bridge across the Jukskei river and the improvement of storm water drainage. These improvements influence the social and economic aspects of Alexandra. The improvement of roads give Alexandra access to business markets outside of Alexandra, the pedestrian bridge relieve children from the dangers of crossing the Jukskei river and parks and sports fields remove people from a sense of squalor.( Alexandra Renewal project,2010 ) To conclude, this essay depicts the situation found in Alexandra, an area defined as a slum. It was found that slums mainly exist due to rapid rural to urban migration, high levels of inequality and globalization. Moreover, slums where defined by the lack of the access to water, sanitation, durable housing, secure tenure and sufficient living areas. It was then illustrated that Alexandra can be characterised as a slum, because of its poor quality of water and sanitation services. Furthermore congestion proved to act as a catalyst to other problems such as unsafe tenure and spreading of diseases . Also, dangerous aspects such as illegal electrical connections and inadequate lack of infrastructure was illustrated.

Understanding the Benefits of Ethnic Divide Essay -- Racial Ethnic Rac

Understanding the Benefits of Ethnic Divide Does society truly stand to gain from what some might call a breaking of racial and ethnic barriers? When we as a society propose the overly-voiced concepts of 'embracing racial equality' and the 'dissolving of stereotypical values' in an effort to support societal efficiency, do we consider that perhaps these revolutionary ideals will hurt more than help us in the long run? The average individual, in an effort to function properly in the society to which he or she belongs, will follow that which society generally accepts as politically correct, as normal. The downside to this is the possibility of a society's ignorance to the greater picture or, rather, the future effects on economy and the civilization towards which we hold such value. It is obvious, especially in light of certain economic and undying cultural facts, that this adamant dream of bringing together the varying mismatched groups of the world population is not only futile -- when considering that it is in our nature as human beings to define and rationalize our surroundings by recognizing the natural differences in what we see -- but is also illogical with respect to the imposing threat this societal revolution imposes on the capitalist system to which we all owe our lives. The settling of racial and ethnic indifferences is commonly seen as a problem handled effectively by government inventions. Affirmative action, established in 1965 by US president Lyndon Johnson, is a system designed to overcome societal discrimination of the past by forcing privileges into the hands of minorities (Brunner, par. 1). These privileges translate into unquestioned college enrollment, job opportunities, and additional resources. Hera... ...5 Jan. 2001 . Anonymous. Free Palestine. 1999. 30 Sep. 2002 . Bollyn, Christopher. ?The Real Cost of US Support for Israel.? Axis of Logic. 20 Sep. 2003. . Stauffer, Thomas R. ?The Cost of Conflict in the Middle East, 1956-2002: What the U.S. Has Spent.? Middle East Policy Council. Spring 2003 . Anonymous. ?The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Basic Facts: Arab Countries versus Israel.? Israel Science and Technology. 15 Nov. 2003 . Province, Jonathan. ?World?s Richest Countries.? cylist.com. 2003. .

Home School vs Public School Essay

Although both can provide a good quality education to their students, there are many differences between home school and public school. Home school, (No comma needed) students do not have to answer to anyone, public school other are () teaching their children. This has been the biggest debate with parents, whether they want the socialization that comes from public school or the protection that comes from home school. (What about the individualized attention?) â€Å"In a recent study done by the U.S Department of Education, 85 percent of homeschooled students were being done so, in part, because of their parents’ concern about the environment of public school.† (Move the period after the citation, so the citation becomes part of the sentence.) (Public school vs, 2008) (When you have a direct quote, you need to provide the page number where the quote appeared, as well as the last name of the author if it is known, or the source title if the author’s name is not kno wn. If it is an electronic source without a page number, provide the paragraph number by counting paragraphs from the top of the page.) With so many options, many parents have chosen to home school their students either for safety or to have more control. With home school, there are the same options as public school, meaning for academics. Home school seems like the best option when it comes to (concerning) their children, yet we (We is first-person plural. The preferred perspective is third-person – he, she, one, they, etc.) need to look at every detail. With home school there is a problem sometimes with the fact that (because) it does not offer materials for chemistry. With both home school and public school(,) they have the basics of subjects, for example science, history, math, and English. Now with home school there is a choice on how much a person can learn. Meaning that a child can take their (child is singular, â€Å"their† is plural. Use his or her.) time with their education, or they can work ahead. There is even a new study that suggests that home school students are more advanced than public school students. (Citation for this source.) With options for a student to take their time with their education, this can help students with learning disabilities to be able to complete  their school work without worry of falling behind With any school, safety is always the first priority to all parents. With all the school shootings that have been reported, there needs to be some sort of comfort for parents to want to keep their kids (Technically, kids are baby goats. Children is a better word.) in public school. There have been new laws to control how people buy guns, with background checks; this law is called the Brady Law, yet there are those who can buy from private sellers; the threat is still out there. The schools now have started to do their own back ground checks, and making only one entrance into the buildings. They have even put in metal detectors that the children and visitors have to walk through. There are still other worries about safety, like bullying, and how bad that has gotten. This has made kids afraid to go to school; they have to try to fit in, with how they look and how they dress. With all that, it seems like parents would make the decision very easy to home school, yet there is the other question of socialization. Almost all children need some form of socialization with kids their own age, yet with home schooling they are only with their parents, or only communicating with their online teachers. Then there are single parents who do not have a choice but public school. Both online offer some sort of extra curriculum activities. There are different languages, like French, Spanish, German, and a lot more. Having the option to learn other languages leaves so much open, like traveling to foreign countries and getting a good job later down the line. There is also a saying (A saying is like a witty quote. I think â€Å"belief† is a better word in this context.) that learning other languages can help with a child’s reading skills. They can also learn music. They can learn how to read music and play music, for example a musical instrument, which they can later turn in to (into) a career. Art is another thing they can learn, which can help with hand-eye coordination. With most children it is hard for them to use their hands and heads at the same time. When one thinks of home school, there is never a thought that there still should be arts and crafts to help with handwriting, yet public schools usually still have art as something to help a student along the way. (Are you suggesting that home-schooled children do not do art? Let me suggest that general statements are taboo. My sister is an artist, and she home-schooled her children, both of whom entered college at the age of 16, and both are gifted artists because of the  training they received from their mother.) Healthy nutrition is important to everyone. Almost everyone wants to be able to eat right, and make sure that we (We is first-person plural. The preferred perspective is third-person – he, she, one, they, etc.) put the right nutrients in our bodies. When parents home school their children(,) they get to choose what they eat and how healthy it should be. With public school(s) they try to offer healthy choices, yet some school, (Remove the comma and add an s to scho ol.) have vending machines that do not offer a lot of healthy choices or their children do not pick the healthy snacks that they find. Most vending machines have soda, chips and even energy drinks, which have shown damaged to (can hurt) children if they drink too much of it. With public schools(,) they feed the children on their own schedules, which for some kids can be a problem(;) when at home they eat at different times. When it comes to having healthy children, most parents say that doing home school is best for preventing illness. With home school, parents can control the atmosphere their children live in, meaning how clean they can keep their home so their children do not get sick as often. They also control who can come over, if the visitor is sick they will tell them to come a different day when they are better. When it comes to public school, there is not much you can do. With public school, children have a higher chance of getting sick, yet their immune systems are usually a lot better that a home school child. When it comes to being healthy, physical activity always comes in to (into) play. Most children need to stay active, and with video games and television, there is so much distraction for kids that physical activity is something that they do not do. Now this is where a lot of parents like public school. With public school they have physical education as classes where they have to meet ce rtain standards to make sure the students are able to stay fit. There is also recess where the kids can go out and play with their friends, which in turn is another form of physical activity. With home school they usually do not make sure that they have physical education. (Do you have documentation to support that accusation? Remember, critical thinkers take nothing at face value.) They do let them play, but it is usually not enough for the child to make a difference. There are some sports that a parent can put their children in, yet the cost is so much more than it would in public school. Now with public school they do have sports for  kids, and if you meet a certain financial situation they can offer sports at a discounted rate. With the decline of physical activity there has been a rise of childhood diabetes, and children gaining too much weight. When a parent decides to do home school they need to make sure there is still some sort of physical activity. With every public school there is the problem of politics. It seems everywhere a parent looks there is politics. When it comes to their children, this is something that most parents thought should stay out of our schools. Most children that go to public schools are also low income and due to that the government thinks it needs to intervene. â€Å"As if families aren’t facing enough difficulties, right now, the State of Tennessee is currently considering two bills that will reduce welfare assistance for needy families whose children are not doing well in school, according to an article on ThinkProgress.† (Bills in Tennessee, 2013) With the government looking in to what we are doing, it makes parents want to home school seem a better choice. (Here is the problem with that logic. When kids are at school, they eat at least one and sometimes two meals while there. Home school children eat all their meals at home, so I doubt that people who need food stamps will choose home schooling, because then they are on the hook for all the chi ldren’s nutritional needs.) With having public school as an option for any one education needs, it seems like there are both good and bad things that need to be addresses, yet when it comes to their children, there should always be some investigation into what is best. With home school they also have good and bad, yet the decision any parent makes, needs to be based on what is best for your family. The choice of socialization of public school sounds great, yet does the freedom of the control of teaching their own children also sounds goods as well.

Comparing Two Perspectives of Management Essay

Management is the attainment of organisational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organising, leading and controlling organisational resources (Samson & Daft, 2009, p. 12). In essence, the final outcome of management is to achieve organisation goals and managers in various levels should achieve goals effectively and efficiently by intelligently utilizing financial, human and other resources in hand. The four skills which may assist managers to achieve these organisational goals are planning, organising, leading and controlling. Traditional vs. Modern Perspectives The practice of management can go back as far as 3000 BC. It developed over thousands of years from Traditional style of management to Modern today. Traditional Perspectives Traditional Perspectives includes (Samson & Daft, 2009): 1.Classical Perspectives – concentrates on making the organisations an efficient operating machine. 2.Humanistic Perspectives – emphases understanding human behaviour, needs and attitudes in the workplace. It has taken more consideration of behaviors, needs and attitudes as well as social interactions and group processes. *For the purpose of the report, I will not elaborate on each item mentioned above. Use Human Resources Perspective as an example. It suggests that Jobs should be designed to meet higher-level needs by allowing workers to use their full potential (Samson & Daft, 2009). This theory was initially supported by a ‘dairy farm’ view and further illustrated by the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and McGregor Theory X & Theory Y. It is my understanding that the theory suggests people generally perform better if they are given full rein to their imagination and creativity. This, in details, means: 1.People are given freedom to fulfill their desired physiological, safety, love/belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization (Maslow’s Hierarchy) needs and wants. They may not be satisfied with all five of them, but fulfillment in any of the above may somewhat increase productivity; 2.Management assumes that employees enjoy working and will seek responsibilities under working/learning process and does not believe in punishment to keep the employees in line. Instead, it believes that employees will exercise self-control if they’re committed (McGregor’s Theory Y). Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world leading automobile producers and its philosophy is the famous ‘Toyota Way’. The two pillars are ‘Wisdom and Kaizen (improvement)’ and ‘respect for human nature’ (Saruta 2006). Without going into the full description of ‘Toyota Way’ philosophy, we will mainly discuss one component as an example: Improvement. The company motivates employees through a series of incentives, such as wage, on-job education, and progressive promotion. Hence it presents work as something interesting and worthwhile for worker’s self-motivation. In the Japanese operation, this philosophy helped the company achieved long working hours and concentrated labour. Unfortunately it hasn’t been working as successful in other countries. Does this mean the employees in other countries haven’t fulfilled any of their interests? Managers must understand that employees will be motivated by unmet needs; and that once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a motivator (Fisher 2009). There may be environmental factors the management did not consider. Cultural difference for instance may affect the effectiveness of this philosophy. Being in a country with a generous welfare system like Australia, people’s desire for a balanced work/social life style is much stronger than financial achievement. In this instance, Toyota management in other counties should realise the differences in worker’s needs and present other incentives accordingly. Modern Perspectives Modern Management Trend is developed to collaborate with the more complicated technologies, organisational environment and unforeseeable uncertainties in today’s world. Modern Management Theories are focused on how individuals contribute to organisation and corporate performance while the performance of the chief executive is dictated by the organisation’s financial returns and shareholders’ expectations (Weymes 2004). The three major contemporary extensions of the perspectives (Samson & Daft, 2009): 1.System Theory; 2.Contingency View; 3.Total Quality Management. *For the purpose of the report, I will not elaborate on each item mentioned above. Use Contingency View as an example. This theory is an extension of the humanistic perspective in which the successful resolution of organisational problems is thought to depend on management’s identification of key variables in the situation at hand (Samson & Daft, 2009). It believes there is no universal approach that works consistently in every situation. Management should always consider aspects within and outside the organisation and utilise various concepts and techniques appropriately. Looking at this theory from a horizontal angle, Knootz (1981) has simplified it into ordinary words, ‘there is science and there is art, there is knowledge and there is practice. One does not need much experience to understand that a corner grocery store could hardly be organised like General Motors, or that the technical realities of petroleum exploration, production, and refining make impracticable autonomously organised product divisions for gasoline, jet fuel, or lubricating oils’. Different organisations have different variables which determine the size of the company, the management hierarchy, the service procedure and so forth. Looking at it from a vertical angle, an organisation may have diversified subsystems and external affiliates. Today’s managers cannot afford to ignore the uncertainties evolved around these elements. Grandori (1984) noted a decision maker needs to classify the state of uncertainty that characterises a decision situation, eliminate the strategies that are not feasible in that situation, and select a feasible strategy. To realise the contingency approach its potential as an effective construct for maintaining and improving managerial effectiveness in a hyper dynamic environment, its development must proceed in a systematic unified and directed manner (Luthans & Stewart, 1977). IKEA, as an example, is the world’s most successful mass-market retailer, reaching 33 countries and hosting 410 million shoppers a year; the furniture is made by about 1,500 suppliers in more than 50 countries. Its signature feature is the flat packed product that customers assemble at home. To target the dramatic technology development in 21st century, the company introduced online shopping to address convenience and traceability. The company designs its own, and also broadens the product mix into food and general living supplies (â€Å"IKEA Company Profile†, n.d.). Investment risks can be sufficiently minimised, and it is best described by the old adage â€Å"never put all your eggs in one basket†. Traditionally, a showroom with a team of salesmen and delivery truck drivers is the focal point of a typical furniture retailer. Globalisation and widely spread use of internet will eventually force them out of the market. IKEA tackled these issues from supply-chain, customer satisfaction and diversification of investment risks. It further demonstrates the contingency approach is used to sustain IKEA’s completive edge in all time. Although these strategies may not be suitable in 10 years time, contingency view will always exert management to evaluation situation at hand and make decision accordingly to sustain performance. Conclusion Generally speaking, the traditional perspectives of management tend to standardise a managerial approach across the board by analysing one particular scenario with a number of assumptions. However, the modern perspectives recognise the uncertainties in reality and take many aspects into consideration of their decision making process. Contingency view is not a brand new theory that is completely different from the traditional perspectives. Whilst we are not suggesting the traditional perspectives are untrue, managers should be selective according to the situation at hand and use a combination of approaches to tackle from all angles. Management in the modern world is no longer a unitary practice; it is an art. Continuous education and professional development can only offer the mandatory knowledge. Real life experience and rational conduct at time is the key to successful management.